Most prisons are located more than 100 miles from an inmate's last residence. ^[1]   With fewer facilities for women, mothers and their families are separated by an average of 160 miles. ^[2]   Personal visits between inmates and their children occur infrequently; fewer than half of incarcerated parents reported receiving a personal visit from their children during their incarceration. ^[3]   Jail and prison visiting policies and procedures, which tend to be oriented around security issues, can be uncomfortable and humiliating for parents and their children, and children for whom paternity or maternity is not legally established (such as those parented out of wedlock) may be barred altogether. In addition, the high cost of collect phone calls can make this form of contact expensive and potentially infeasible for families. ^[4]   Combined, these barriers substantially burden family relationships during parental incarceration and can have long-lasting effects on family networks.